ABSTRACT
Background:Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the most common public health issues worldwide that requires a critical consideration. Knowing the prevalence of HBV infection in a geographical area aids in ascertaining theextent of the fatal infection. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity is a strong indicator of true HBV infection rate in the community. The current study aims to estimate the prevalence of HBsAg in teaching hospital-based population. Large numberof patients from diverse backdrop visit our institution, and hence assist in obtaining a precise representation of the viral prevalence in the community.
ABSTRACT
Background: Cervical cancer is the second highest cause of cancer-related mortality in women, and the only sign of this cancer in the early stages is the loss of abnormal cells. Clinical signs of the disease appear only after cancer has reached advanced stages. Conversely, this cancer in precancerous conditions is completely curable and screening with conventional Papanicolaou (CP) has reduced the mortality by 70% but it is also associated with a significant number of false-negative cases (20-50%). In 1996, liquid-based cytology (LBC) method was developed to overcome the disadvantages of the previous method expecting to have good features such as high sensitivity, faster sample preparation, and decreased the rate of inadequate smears.Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was conducted at the Department of Pathology and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, government medical college, Datia for the period of 11 months from April 2018 to February 2019. The study includes total 80 subjects. Total No. of Pap smear examined (both LBC and CPS) are 160.Results: There were statistically significant differences of satisfactory/unsatisfactory rate, smear cellularity, background clarity and detection of endocervical cells, in between liquid based cytology and conventional Pap smear finding (p<0.05). Diagnostic efficacy i.e. sensitivity and specificity of LBC is greater than CPS for evaluation of cervical cytology.Conclusions: Results shows, that LBC may improve the sample's quality, reduce the number of unsatisfactory smear and increases the diagnostic efficacy.
ABSTRACT
The cells of isolated mixed culture of Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus sydowii were immobilized in calcium alginate beads. Studies were carried out on different parameters like alginate concentration, incubation time and bead inoculum which affects the productivity and stability of the immobilized system. The best enzymatic activities were obtained with 3% alginate concentration, 48h of incubation time and 200 beads/flask of inoculum. Optimization of these factors causes an increase in enzymatic activities and the possibility of semicontinuous cultivation. Immobilized cells could be reused in five successive reaction cycles with a slight decrease in activities.